Building legal and technical knowledge on the Protection of Water from Armed Conflict

Discover our specialized courses:

• Environmental Peacebuilding: Exploring Theory, Law, and Practice – Learn more
• Certificate of Advanced Studies (CAS) in Water Governance – Learn more
• Droit international de l'eau douce (formation en ligne)  – Learn more
• Water Law Course (English version) – Learn more

Publications

• Zeitoun, Mark and Michael Talhami (2017). The impact of explosive weapons on urban services: direct and reverberating effects across space and time. International Review of the Red Cross 98(1 Special Issue on War in Cities): 53-70. doi:10.1017/S1816383117000157
• Talhami, M., & Mark Zeitoun. (2021). The impact of attacks on urban services II: Reverberating effects of damage to water and wastewater systems on infectious disease. International Review of the Red Cross, 102(915), 1293 - 1325.
• Tabor, Ruby, Naser Almhawish, Ibrahim Aladhan, Maia Tarnas, Richard Sullivan, Nabil Karah, Mark Zeitoun, Ruwan Ratnayake, Aula Abbara (2022). Disruption to water supply and waterborne communicable diseases in northeast Syria: a spatiotemporal analysis. Conflict and Health 17(1), 4.
• Zeitoun, M. (2023) Reflections: Understanding our use and abuse of water. New York: Oxford University Press.
• AbuShomar, Reem, Mark Zeitoun, Raouf el Manama (in press) (2023). Knowledge and Perception of Healthcare Workers about Safe Water Supplies and Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria at Primary Health Care Facilities in Gaza, Palestine. Accepted for publication in ISRAA University Journal of Applied Sciences.
• Tignino, M, & Kebebew, T. (2023). ‘International Water Law and Climate Change’, in A Research Agenda for Water Law, Vanessa Casado Pérez and Rhett Larson, Edward Elgar, pp.157-184.
• Tignino, M, & Kebebew, T. (2023). ‘Access to Water and Peacebuilding’, in Research Handbook on International Law and Environmental Peacebuilding, Daniëlla Dam-de Jong and Britta Sjöstedt (eds), Edward Elgar, pp.328-354.
• Tignino, M. & Kebebew T. (2023). A galaxy of norms: UN peace operations and protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict. International review of the Red Cross 924/2023, 1543-1567.
• Tignino, M. & Kebebew T. (2023). The legal protection of freshwater resources and related installations during warfare. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 2023.
• Tignino, M. (2023). The regulation of crimes against water in armed conflicts and other situations of violence. International Review of the Red Cross 923/2023, 706-734.   
• Kebebew, T. (2023). Dispute over the Status and Use of the Waters of the Silala (Chile v Bolivia): Is the International Court of Justice falling short? RECIEL, vol.32, no.2, pp. 371-375.
• Tignino, M., & Bréthaut, C. (2020). The role of international case law in implementing the obligation not to cause significant harm. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 20(4), 631-648.
• Tignino, M. (2024).  The duty to take into account foreseeable reverberating effects in contemporary armed conflicts. Rassegna della giustizia militare 4, 61–70.
• Tignino, M. & Jara D. (2024). Human rights law in the development of hydropower projects in transboundary context. Frontiers in climate 2024, 6.
• Tignino, M, Kebebew. T. (2024). Drops of hope : fresh water and its related services in post-conflict peacebuilding activities. Glorioso, Ludovica & Pond, Susan (eds.) Enhancing Stabilization and Strategic Partnership in a Post-Conflict Environment. A Comprehensive Approach to Human Security. Rome : NATO Security Force Assistance Centre for Excellence, 173–196.
• Tignino, M. (2024). Economia circolare ed elementi di diritto internazionale. IPSOA Ambiente & Sviluppo, 1/2024, 36-41.
• Abbara, A., R. Abu Shomar, M. Daoudy, G. Abu Sittah, M. H. Zaman and M. Zeitoun (2024). "Water, health, and peace: a call for interdisciplinary research." The Lancet.
• Geneva Water Hub (2024). Fully foreseeable: The reverberating effects of war on water and health in Gaza. Geneva: Geneva Water Hub.

Expert opinions

• The people of Gaza need a water ceasefire. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Abu Shomar, R. and M. Zeitoun (2023).
• An Appeal to Stop the Weaponization of Water. The Geneva Observer.Boisson de Chazournes, L., X. Fuentes, D. Türk and M. Zeitoun (2023).
• Zeitoun, M. (2023). War on Water Prolongs Misery in Gaza. Just Security. Armed Conflicts Spread Contaminated Water and Disease: Here’s How to Better Protect Civilians (Just Security, with Michael Talhami, 17 March 2023)
• Water has long been used as a tactical weapon in warfare – the world now has a chance to end this (The Conversation, 20 March 2023)
• Tignino, M. & Prado R. (2024). The role of amicus curiae in the ITLOS Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and International Law, ESIL Reflections, vol. 13, issue 4.
• Tignino, M. (2024).  Accord-cadre sur la coopération dans le bassin du Nil : pourquoi l’Égypte et le Soudan devraient-ils le ratifier ?, Le Club des juristes, 7 November 2024.
• Tignino, M., Pellaton,C. & Kebebew T. (2023). International law and Accountability for the Nova Kakhovka Dam Disaster, Articles of War.
• Tignino, M. & Kebebew T. (2023). Access to freshwater and accountability issues in the Israeli-Hamas Armed Conflict. Opinio Juris, 27 December 2023.
• Tignino, M. & Kebebew T. (2023). How does the classification of armed conflict impact the protection of freshwater in Gaza? European Society of International Law (EJIL) Talk, 20 November 2023.
• ICRC (2015). Urban services during protracted armed conflict: a call for a better approach to assisting affected people. Geneva, International Committee of the Red Cross.
• Urban Services During Protracted Conflict – HPN Magazine, Humanitarian Policy Network, Oct 2015. 

Related publications

• Geneva Water Hub, “The Geneva List of Principles on the Protection of Water Infrastructure”,
  Geneva 2019.
• Annex to the Geneva List of Principles on the Protection of Water Infrastructure - Cyber Operations Principle
• Global High-Level Panel on Water and Peace. (2017). A Matter of Survival (Report). Geneva: Geneva Water Hub.